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| 1510 |
| | | The Portuguese seize Goa and make it their colonial capital in India | |
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| 1511 |
| | | The Portuguese take control of Malacca, in the Malay peninsula, as a base for trade further east | |
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| 1512 |
| | | The Portuguese make treaties in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands), to trade in cloves and nutmeg | |
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| 1514 |
| | | The Portuguese capture Hormuz and establish a garrison to control the Gulf of Oman | |
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| 1534 |
| | | The Portuguese force the local ruler to cede to them the island of Bombay | |
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| 1549 |
| | | Brazil becomes a Portuguese royal province, under the control of a governor general | |
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| 1549 |
| | | The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia (now Salvador) as his capital | |
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| c. 1550 |
| | | Africans, bought in the Portuguese trading posts of west Africa, are shipped across the Atlantic as slaves | |
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| 1557 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China | |
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| c. 1625 |
| | | The Dutch gradually exclude the Portuguese from the immensely lucrative trade in cloves from the Spice Islands (or Moluccas) | |
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